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- A Literary Critique of C. S. Lewis:
- The Case for Christianity, The World's Last Night
- and Problem with Pain
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- I. Introduction
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- II. Brief Biographical Information
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- III. The Case for Christianity
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- - Right and Wrong as a Clue to the Meaning of the Universe
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- IV. The Problem with Pain
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- - Divine Omnipotence
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- V. The World's Last Night
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- - The Efficacy of Prayer
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- VI. Conclusion
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- A Critique of C. S. Lewis
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- "A Relativist said, 'The world does not exist, England does
- not exist, Oxford does not exist and I am confident that
- I do not Exist!' When Lewis was asked to reply, he stood
- up and said, 'How am I to talk to a man who's not there?'"
- - C. S. Lewis: A Biography
-
- Clive Staples Lewis was born, in 1898, in Belfast. C. S. Lewis
- was educated at various schools in England. In 1914, Lewis began
- studying Latin, Greek, French, German and Italian under the private
- tuition of W. T. Kirkpatrick. He then moved to Oxford where his studies
- were interrupted by World War I (1917). Two years later he was back in
- Oxford resuming his studies. In 1924, Lewis was "elected" to teach
- Literature and Language at Magdalen College, Oxford and remained there
- till 1954. During this time period in his life, Lewis wrote the
- majority of his work. Lewis moved to Cambridge for the remainder of his
- life teaching Medieval and Renaissance Literature.1
- C. S. Lewis was a man dedicated to the pursuit of truth who"
- believed in argument, in disputation, and in the dialectic of Reason. .
- ."2 He began his pursuit of truth as an atheist and ended up as a
- Christian. His works the Problem of Pain and Mere Christianity dealt
- with issues he struggled with. Mere Christianity consists of three
- separate radio broadcasts. One of the broadcasts was titled The Case For
- Christianity.
- In The Case For Christianity, Lewis discussed two crucial topics
- in his apologetic defense of Christianity. They were the "Right and
- Wrong as a Clue to the Meaning of the Universe" and "What Christians
- Believe". This critique will address the first chapter. "Right and
- Wrong as a Clue to the Meaning of the Universe", can be broken into
- three parts. The first deals with moral law and its existence. The
- second addresses the idea of a power or mind behind the universe, who,
- is intensely interested in right conduct. Also that this power or God
- is good. Good as in the area of truth, not soft and sympathetic. The
- third point moves to Christianity, its attributes and why it was
- necessary for the long" round-about" approach .
- The law of nature binds humans as would the laws of gravity
- apply to a falling stone. It is called the law of nature because it
- does not need to be taught. Lewis points out that an odd individual
- may exist "here and there who didn't know it, just as you find s few
- people who are colour-blind or have no ear for tune. But taking the race
- as a whole, they thought that the human idea of Decent Behavior was
- obvious to every one."3
- Lewis brilliantly defended his statement of natural law's
- existence. Two arguments, which argue for relativity, posted against
- him are the "herd" instincts or genetic inborn in us ( i.e. motherly
- love, survival or sexual impulses) and that which is taught socially or
- learned. Historically, these to interpretations of human behavior have
- clashed, however, he suggest that "reason" is above both. He clarifies
- his position by classifying impulses as separate from the decision to
- follow the impulse itself. The "learned" argument is refuted by his
- analogy of a boy on the island who is unaware of the existence of the
- process of multiplication. He never attended school and learned them.
- The education would be classified as "human convention". This human
- convention, consequently, did not invent multiplication just as it did
- not invent the law of nature.
- However, this comparison is based on a false assumption. The
- law of nature, as Lewis argued, is not taught but some how exists as an
- inherent part of the human psyche. This law also presents itself in the
- form of decisions and actions in line with what ought to be done. There
- is no school-room which imparts this law and the practice of it.
- Consequently, mathematics needs to be taught and learned. The attempts
- to equate the law of nature with mathematics in an analogy is
- misleading. The only connection between mathematics and the law is the
- nature of its existence and the commonality of not being a human
- convention.
- Lewis classified a natural law or the existence of a system of
- absolutes as crucial in religion and especially in Christianity. Lewis
- developed an argument through the comparison of moral systems and what
- is judged as right or rather what ought to be. Using extremes, such as
- Christianity and the Nazi systems of morality, he concludes his
- analysis. In this comparison one might say that the Christian morality
- is preferable to the Nazi. Why? and by what standard has the Nazi
- system been rejected? Lewis explains this as an underlying right or
- absolute. This absolute system is based on those things which ought to
- take place. In conclusion of this point, Lewis states that the law of
- nature exists, dictating what humans ought to do or right and wrong.
- The second part of his argument dealt with questions of the
- existence of the universe and the power or mind behind it. He
- addressed the possibility of evolution and its feasibility. The idea
- that matter just exists and by a fluke came together in perfection
- producing what we see around us today, was one of the two possibilities
- that Lewis purposed. The second possibility is that behind the universe
- is a calculating "mind". He brilliantly refutes science's ability to
- find out what is behind the formation of the universe. For even if
- science completely answered the mysteries surrounding how the universe
- is here, it cannot discern the reason "why" it is here. Thus he
- concluded that a mind is behind the universe's existence and this mind
- cannot be seen. The reasons for the invisibility or intangibility of
- the mind is, again brilliantly, explained in an analogy. Lewis
- states,"If there was a controlling power outside the universe, it could
- not show itself to us as one of those facts inside the universe- no more
- than an architect of a house could actually be a wall or staircase or
- fireplace in that house."4
- The concept of a good power or mind is misleading. When God is
- referred to as good, the immediate thought is a warm loving personality.
- Lewis referred to this good as representative of truth. The law of
- nature is defined by what man ought to do or as absolute truth. When
- one acts according to what they ought to do, the law of nature has no
- consideration of how painful or dangerous it might be. This good which
- Lewis argued for is cold and hard, without personable traits. He
- attributed good as "either the great safety or the great
- danger-according to the way you react to it. And we have reacted the
- wrong way."5
- The third aspect argued and justified the need for people to
- repent and the promise of forgiveness. In this stage, two realizations
- must be made: First, that there is after all a "real moral law, and a
- power behind the law, and that you have broken that law and put yourself
- wrong with that Power."6 Secondly, the stage of dismay which precedes
- comfort. This first realization is built on the logic of the previous
- arguments. To perceive the situation as desperate sheds light on and
- assists one to understand what the Christians are "talking about". The
- conclusion of this argument demands that individual recognize that
- coming to terms with what ought to be or truth is indeed a sobering
- experience.
- When discussing the concepts of absolutes and that God is good
- one would ask about His power. If indeed God is the creator of this
- universe, then his power would be immense. The word "omnipotent" is
- used to describe the power of God in this context. The question then
- arises concerning a good God and the existence of pain and evil in his
- creation. If pain exists in this universe then God is either not truly
- good or lacks power to stop it.
- Lewis dedicates a chapter in his work, The Problem of Pain, to
- explaining this apparent contradiction. He also tackles the concept of
- impossibility in relation to omnipotence. The dialectic analysis
- consists of things "intrinsically possible" and the things
- "intrinsically impossible".7 A God of omnipotent power can do all
- things intrinsically possible. The reference to God performing the
- intrinsically impossible is nonsensical and foolishness to Lewis. The
- attribution of miracles and supernatural occurrences to God can be
- explained as possible, though humans perceive it as impossible.
- Clyde S. Kilby argues the point of free will and God's power in
- context to Lewis' work on the existence of pain. Kilby states that:
- "Suppose that in my eagerness to be perfectly happy I persuade God
- day after day to change all prevailing conditions to my wishes.
- But if all conditions follow my wishes, it is obvious that they
- cannot possibly follow your wishes also and you will therefore
- be deprived of your freedom. Freedom is impossible in a
- world subject to whim."8
- Therefore, pains existence in a universe created by a "good and
- omnipotent God is logically feasible.
- The next work by C. S. Lewis is The World's Last Night. This
- work contains an essay on prayer. Lewis examined prayer and its purpose
- by asking certain questions. Questions like, "What evidence would prove
- the efficacy of prayer?" 9 If a prayer is "answered", "how can you ever
- know it was not going to happen anyway?"10 The answer to a prayer does
- no provide irrefutable evidence of the efficacy of prayer.
- "Does prayer work?" Lewis states that prayer is not a machine
- by which one could plug in the right phrases and get the results. He
- defines prayer as either a "sheer illusion or a personal contact between
- embryonic, incomplete persons (ourselves)and the utterly concrete
- Person."11 If in fact prayer is a sheer illusion its purpose would be
- for the vocalization of wishful thinking. Whether the desired result
- comes to pass is completely based on fate or the simple fact that it
- was going to happen anyway.
- If is indeed a contact to an "utterly concrete Person" to what
- avail? What advice can a finite and intellectually limited person give
- to an omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent being? Lewis states, "Our
- act, when we pray, must not, any more than all our other acts, be
- separate from the continuous act of God Himself, in which alone all
- finite causes operate."12 Prayer, according to Lewis, is a
- statement according to the "will" or actions of God.
- The will of God is knowable according to Lewis. However, he
- does not mention what God's will was/is. In the following paragraphs
- Lewis conveniently changes his direction addressing an other aspect of
- prayer. He also does not explain how one goes about finding God's will
- or why would God want to hear billions of little voices telling Him
- what His will is. Lewis does a poor job justifying the efficacy of
- prayer.
- It can be seen that C. S. Lewis' analysis was always in terms of
- black and white or extremes. Any other alternative is either
- foolishness or unthinkable. He wielded the dialectic process of
- analysis as though it were second nature to him. His well trained mind
- synthesized theological dilemmas for the layman. Constantly referring
- to himself as a layman himself, Lewis left the details of theological
- doctrine and philosophy to those who were "experts". He was only
- interested in his own personal questions concerning Christianity and
- sharing his well thought out answers to others.
- This critique of C. S. Lewis contains various selections from
- three of his books. The first work address the topic of "Right and
- Wrong as a Clue to the Meaning of the Universe." In this section Lewis
- argues for the existence of absolutes, God and the validity of
- Christianity. The second work which was examined was The Problem of
- Pain. A selection on the omnipotent power of a "good" God was discussed
- in terms of the "intrinsically impossible" and the existence of pain.
- Thirdly, the "efficacy of prayer" was addressed in critical questioning
- of the purpose its existence.
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